After eight years of civil war in Syria, with hundreds of thousands of its citizens dead and millions more fleeing the country, one question looms large: how did things get so bad? During those early days of peaceful protest, what prompted a shoot-to-kill order from the highest levels of government? The answer begins with the rise to power of the Assad family.

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In this episode of GZERO Europe, Carl Bildt reflects on how Russia's war in Ukraine has lasted longer than World War I and the role an underachieving military campaign and international politics have played in putting pressure on Putin.

A Glider bus, set fire by protesters, on the Newtownards Road in east Belfast, as disorder flared during an anti-immigration demonstration organised in response to Monday night's stabbing attack in the city.
PA Images via Reuters Connect

Belfast erupted in anti-immigration violence on Monday after a local man was allegedly stabbed by a Sudanese asylum seeker, with far-right figures including Tommy Robinson, Elon Musk, and Nigel Farage amplifying the unrest.