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How can we get unbanked people to go digital?
Sending remittances can be prohibitively expensive. How come?
It costs a lot to manage cash in a secure way for unbanked people, Rubén Salazar, global head of Visa Direct, says during a livestream conversation on closing the global digital gap hosted by GZERO in partnership with Visa.
But some players are making progress in reducing costs, which the UN wants to cap at 3% by the end of the decade.
For Salazar, we need to tackle the problem holistically. That's why Visa has just inked a deal with Singaporean B2B payments platform Thunes to integrate digital wallets for unbanked people with Visa's digital payments network.
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How it pays to innovate
Every time you pay for dinner by tapping your cellphone on a sensor, receive money for that freelance gig, or access government transfers by phone, you are participating in the rapidly accelerating move away from cash.
While the global fintech industry is rapidly evolving to expand access to the financial sector and make payments between individuals and businesses more fluid, the move away from cash means different things in different places. In wealthy states, the adoption of credit and debit cards is rife, while emerging markets tend to rely on digital wallets and cash apps that often don’t require a bank account.
COVID as a watershed. The pandemic was a boon for the digital payment industry as many businesses in developed economies increasingly turned down cash. For some countries, it hastened the transition to a virtual economy, while for others it has meant becoming less reliant on cash flows.
Consider that in Scandinavia, for instance, cash has been uncool for some time – a trend reinforced by the pandemic. Indeed, cash transactions accounted for just 1% of Sweden's GDP in 2018, and cash withdrawals have been declining by about 10% per year. Similarly, 85% of Danes used MobilePay, launched by Danske Bank in 2013, before the pandemic — and that number continues to rise.
In Africa, meanwhile, Kenya has emerged as a fintech leader after the country’s largest mobile network, Safaricom, launched a branchless banking system in 2019 that has caught on like wildfire. As of last year, at least 12 billion transactions had been made across the continent using the system, benefiting many small business owners and reducing poverty. (Since the program started, around 2% of Kenyan households have been lifted from extreme poverty due to increased access to fintech services.)
However, some societies simply love cash. Cash culture is rife in Japan, where despite being a hub for tech innovation, digital payment systems have been spurned by much of the population. More than 90% of those surveyed in Japan say cash is their primary payment method, according to Statista, with many citing security and privacy concerns as the reason for their preference. Moreover, some 38% of respondents said non-cash options “made them less aware of the amount of money they are spending.”
Critics say that there are also proven downsides to digital payment systems, including increased risk of cybercrime and inequality. Indeed, some research suggests that consumers who had mostly been paying in cash before COVID — having limited access to fintech solutions — are returning to cash again now. Meanwhile, many business owners and corporations that rely on digital payments benefited from stay-at-home orders and raked it in. In the US, for example, Amazon and Walmart together earned an additional $10.7 billion in 2020 — a 56% increase in profits from the previous year. But their employees’ wages grew just 7% and 6% respectively.
Meanwhile, in emerging markets, where roughly 2.5 billion adults were unable to make or receive digital payments, the pandemic was disastrous, exacerbating rich-poor divides.
Cashing out can also lead to crises. Indeed, many Indians learned this the hard way before COVID in 2016, when Prime Minister Narendra Modi invalidated the 1,000 and 500 rupee notes, which at the time represented 86% of India's currency. The move, intended to root out the underground economy, was catastrophic for India’s large gig economy and unbanked working poor.
It’s for this reason that many states and cities in the US have banned stores from refusing cash payments, saying this would disadvantage low-income consumers.
Bottom line. We are heading towards a future where cash will surely be used less and less. Still, as long as wealth inequality exists, cash will remain a key part of the global economy.
This article comes to you from the Signal newsletter team of GZERO Media. Sign up today.
A man comparing US Dollars with Lebanese pounds, in Beirut, Lebanon.
What We’re Watching: Digital payment lifelines for cash-strapped Lebanon, digital solutions for overcoming COVID, fintech & the war in Ukraine
Digital trade offers Lebanon a lifeline
Lebanon’s economy has imploded following decades of government mismanagement. Its currency has lost more than 90% of its value against the US dollar since 2019, and the banking sector is in shambles. When foreign capital dried up, the government adopted strict capital controls preventing Lebanese from withdrawing dollar savings. This has led to mass demonstrations and even fake bank heists – desperate bids by some to get their hands on their own money. The International Monetary Fund has told Beirut to reform its zombie banking sector in order to unlock bailout funds – but to no avail. As a result, many have turned to digital payments. Digital wallets like Purpl and peer-to-peer money transfer apps allowing users to pay businesses directly have become a lifeline for the country’s 6.7 million people, many of whom rely on the 15-million-strong Lebanese diaspora to stay afloat. Dima Assad, a manager at Nada Debs, a Beirut-based interior design company, said her company had to switch to a payment gateway called PayTabs, based in the United Arab Emirates, when credit card payments in US dollars were blocked. What’s more, fintech offerings have been a game-changer for the 55% of people in Lebanon who don’t have access to bank accounts. Unbanked people used to line up at Western Union – and paid hefty fees – to send and receive money, but now they can use smartphones or laptops (78% have internet access) to access funds while incurring lower transaction fees. The economic situation in Lebanon remains dire, but digital trade offers a lifeline.
How COVID impacted digital trade
When the sudden appearance of a deadly novel coronavirus in early 2020 began forcing political leaders to restrict the movements of unprecedented numbers of people, it didn’t take much foresight to predict a surge in e-commerce. The move toward greater volumes of digital trade had been accelerating for years, mainly for economic and financial reasons, but the inability of businesses to welcome customers or to service the needs of other businesses pushed that historical trend into overdrive. This is a phenomenon that billions of people have experienced firsthand over the past 32 months as their work and their purchasing habits have changed. In that sense, COVID has raised expectations for long-term economic gains as pandemic-related necessities became mothers of invention.
But there are downsides we must consider. This acceleration ensures that the “creative destruction” that fuels all big macroeconomic gains – the collapse of some industries and businesses as more efficient and profitable ones take their place – has disrupted the lives and livelihoods of many more people in a shorter time frame than any economic phenomenon of the recent past.
And the digital divide, both within and among countries, may well have widened as those who have access and expertise in digital trade transition toward the future much more quickly and easily than those who don’t. The pandemic is not over, particularly for China, which has provided the primary engine for global growth over many years. We need a lot more data to understand both the positive and negative impacts of COVID on digital trade and its global impact. But these are subjects that will deserve careful study in years to come as life and commerce settle into a new normal.
e-Commerce at war
Doing business in a war zone presents, shall we say, added challenges. Mobilizations draw employees off to the front, battle lines cut across shipping routes, and overall uncertainty crimps both investment and commerce. Ukraine’s agricultural exports – its biggest export sector – in the 2022-2023 season (up to Aug. 19) were down 51.6% from the previous year, and the World Bank now predicts that its GDP will contract by a whopping 35% in 2022 (compared to a 4.5% dip for Russia’s GDP). But e-Commerce platforms can provide a new way to help local businesses reach a global audience even while the conflict rages. Last month, for example, the Ukrainian government launched an online marketplace called Made with Bravery that enables Ukrainian artisans and craftspeople to sell their goods around the world. The platform is available only to businesses based in Ukraine, and it donates 5% of all revenues to a foundation that is helping to rebuild parts of the country hit hard by the fighting. (Full disclosure: Made with Bravery was launched in partnership with our sponsor, Visa.This article comes to you from the Signal newsletter team of GZERO Media. Sign up today.
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